Qin et al. (2014 Nat Neurosci) found that as children transition from counting to a memory retrieval strategy when solving arithmetic problems (between ages 7 and 9), there are corresponding changes in BOLD activation from prefrontal-parietal to hippocampal areas (along with increasing hippocampal-neocortical functional connectivity). Adult subjects use an even more automatic memory retrieval strategy. Kathy Mann Koepke of the NIH commented, “learning your addition and multiplication tables and having them in rote memory helps”.

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